Article
Posted: 08/10/2026
Three-Fingered Jack: Staging Resistance in the Toy Theater
Monica Anke Hahn.
"Three-Fingered Jack: Staging Resistance in the Toy Theater."
Journal18: a journal of eighteenth-century art and culture
(April 2026): n/a.
This essay examines William Webb’s mid-nineteenth-century toy theater adaptation of Obi; or, Three-Finger’d Jack, a pantomime based on the story of an enslaved Jamaican rebel who escaped enslavement in the late 1770s and evaded capture until his murder in 1781. Although scholars have attended to the varying representations of Three-Fingered Jack across print, stage, and fiction, his appearance in toy theater has not previously been considered. A careful examination of this material trace of a figure of rebellion and revolt complements and pushes against previous understandings of Jack’s resistance in the British mind in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Webb’s toy theater faithfully follows John Fawcett’s 1800 pantomime, a play that staged Black resistance only to contain it through Jack’s defeat and death and the restoration of colonial order. Yet the material form of the toy theater expanded possibilities for revolutionary agency in reimagining the story. Its interchangeable scenery, movable figures, broad stage directions, and roots in the transgressive conventions of pantomime gave domestic performers considerable latitude in restaging the play. The physical manipulation of miniature enslaved figures could reproduce colonial authority by rendering plantation labor and violence as spectacle, but the same material practices also made it possible to enact moments of escape, resistance, and disruption.
By situating Webb’s toy theater within the histories of colonial Jamaica, British pantomime, and the wider revolutionary Atlantic, this essay considers the toy theater as a site where the fraught relationship between imperial representation and the unstable meanings of Jack’s resistance could be materially enacted. Produced around mid-century, after the Haitian Revolution and the emancipation of Jamaica, Webb’s toy theater stages Jack as a belated but persistent figure of insurrection: rebellion is displaced into the colonial past even as its gestures remain available for domestic rehearsal. The toy theater thus did more than reproduce an earlier representation of colonial authority. Through the imaginative and material acts of cutting, arranging, moving, and restaging its figures and scenery, it offered young domestic performers the possibility of subtly unsettling the racist and hierarchical assumptions embedded in the play. Three-Fingered Jack in toy theater form reveals how narratives of rebellion and empire were continually rearticulated across print, stage, and parlor performance, and how material and performative practices helped shape revolutionary imaginaries in the Atlantic world.
Webb’s toy theater faithfully follows John Fawcett’s 1800 pantomime, a play that staged Black resistance only to contain it through Jack’s defeat and death and the restoration of colonial order. Yet the material form of the toy theater expanded possibilities for revolutionary agency in reimagining the story. Its interchangeable scenery, movable figures, broad stage directions, and roots in the transgressive conventions of pantomime gave domestic performers considerable latitude in restaging the play. The physical manipulation of miniature enslaved figures could reproduce colonial authority by rendering plantation labor and violence as spectacle, but the same material practices also made it possible to enact moments of escape, resistance, and disruption.
By situating Webb’s toy theater within the histories of colonial Jamaica, British pantomime, and the wider revolutionary Atlantic, this essay considers the toy theater as a site where the fraught relationship between imperial representation and the unstable meanings of Jack’s resistance could be materially enacted. Produced around mid-century, after the Haitian Revolution and the emancipation of Jamaica, Webb’s toy theater stages Jack as a belated but persistent figure of insurrection: rebellion is displaced into the colonial past even as its gestures remain available for domestic rehearsal. The toy theater thus did more than reproduce an earlier representation of colonial authority. Through the imaginative and material acts of cutting, arranging, moving, and restaging its figures and scenery, it offered young domestic performers the possibility of subtly unsettling the racist and hierarchical assumptions embedded in the play. Three-Fingered Jack in toy theater form reveals how narratives of rebellion and empire were continually rearticulated across print, stage, and parlor performance, and how material and performative practices helped shape revolutionary imaginaries in the Atlantic world.