Today, the term 'state' is used to distinguish between two impressions made from the same copper plate that show differences due to modifications made in the meantime by the engraver. This article aims to show how these differences gradually gained value among collectors. While they may have initially sparked curiosity and amazement, it was primarily the set of meanings attributed to them during the 18th century that determined their success. In parallel, the emergence of catalogues raisonnés further encouraged the identification and search for different states, thus helping to establish their meaning and formalize the way they were described.

In recent decades attention has turned to the role played by print culture in the expansion and expression of imperial power. Print is, in large part, the way in which empire represented itself to itself. With its ability to reproduce and mobilise information, the printing press afforded these representations of empire an expansive reach that traced the geographical extent of empire itself, projecting constructions of imperial identity, culture, and power to distant locations and populations.

Embedded within the material language of these historical print forms is a set of associations heavily aligned with power and its effects. In an Australian context, print is haunted by colonialism. The languages of these marks, their particular vernaculars, carry a taint that endures today. But these languages are now being spoken by other voices. This article argues for a more strongly developed conceptualisation of ‘print language’ within the critical discourse of fine art printmaking, and applies this approach to a reading of work by Rew Hanks (with reference to Daniel Boyd), Judy Watson, Julie Gough, and Robert Hague. These contemporary artists appropriate print vernaculars in their work as a means of investigating and critiquing the ongoing effects of colonialism in contemporary culture.

Though Douglas Huebler is most well-known for his photo-conceptualist works, this article explores how the artist innovatively employed another medium: the limited-edition print. While early chroniclers of Conceptual art often emphasized the artworks’ resistance to being bought and sold, I argue that Huebler created limited editions intended specifically for the collector’s market, using the medium as a conceptual tool to reshape the relationship between artist and collector. The structure of the limited edition both prompted Huebler to conceive of art collecting as a collective endeavor, with each owner of the edition a node in an interconnected network, and endowed the artist with the ability to authorize impressions as authentic and inauthentic. In a moment when works of art were increasingly treated as financial assets, the limited-edition print provided Huebler with a vehicle for questioning the nature of ownership, authorship, and value.

Nowadays, there is no doubt that early modern prints played an instrumental role in the development of European visual culture by allowing for the reproduction and dissemination of a vast number of pictures. This article attempts to show how, in this context, print amateurs developed a certain awareness of rarity and then attributed to the latter a specific value. It then describes the development of early limited print editions intended to produce scarce impressions and give them additional value.

This article examines the role of printmaking in Helen Frankenthaler’s practice. While Frankenthaler
is primarily known for her monumental abstract paintings and invention of her ‘soak-stain’ technique, printmaking formed a vital part of her oeuvre over five-decades. Countering ingrained material hierarchies, I consider how the printerly manifests within Frankenthaler’s studio practice. In a January 1970 lecture at Yale University, Frankenthaler asserted that that there was ‘a lot more room for development’ within painting and the ‘best of it is going someplace’. Taking up Frankenthaler’s proposition, I argue hat her painting developed in the ‘someplace else’ of printmaking. As such, this article moves beyond the narrow confines of a medium specific discourse. Printmaking offers an alternate vantage point – spatially and materially ‘someplace else’ – through which to reconceptualize where and how Frankenthaler extended painting as an aesthetic category, subject and site of artistic production. Focusing on Frankenthaler’s work of the 1960s and 1970s, this article offers an exploration of the parallel reinvention of painting, printmaking and, concomitantly, the studio and workshop during this period.

This article argues that the French caricaturist and draughtsman Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard, known as J. J. Grandville (1803–47), used plates from Goya’s Caprichos (1799) as inspiration for his illustrations to Jean de La Fontaine’s Fables and Cent Proverbes (1845), as well as other illustrated books. In turn, it is also noted that La Fontaine’s Fables were the source of some of Goya’s Caprichos and Desastres de la guerra (Disasters of War) prints (1810–14). Examples of Grandville copying Goya, as well as of Goya using images from La Fontaine are here presented.

In Ruth Asawa's final year at Black Mountain College, c. 1948–49, she used a rubber stamp borrowed from the laundry room and featuring the college's initials (BMC) to make a body of work. Three years later, a pattern derived from this work was mass-produced and marketed across the US under the name Alphabet – without attribution to Asawa, nor to the school for which the pattern's acronym stood. This essay examines the doubled abstraction of Asawa's stamp (in the sense of both material tool and figurative signature), as the letters that she first abstracted into images were subsequently disassociated from both her name and that of the school itself. By tracing Asawa's eventual reclamation of her authorship from this contextual abstraction, this essay makes a broader case for recognizing artistic practices of self-definition.

Prints, artists’ books, posters, multiples, printed ephemera have been displayed, sold and collected in international, large-scale exhibitions. Alongside paintings and sculptures, they were—and still are—regularly exhibited at the Venice Biennale, São Paulo Biennale, documenta and in several other perennial exhibitions. Regardless of their continuous presence and vitality, there have been few studies about the role of prints and artists’ editions in the context of these exhibitions. OBOE’s third issue, Exhibiting Prints: The Role of Printmaking in Large Scale Exhibitions guest edited by Jennifer Noonan, intends to redress this lacuna while shedding new light on the manner in which printed matter has been vital for the life and fortune of large-scale international exhibitions.

Works on paper have often played a pivotal role in disseminating artists’ works to an international audience. As multiples, they are more accessible, and have a lower production and distribution cost. They are easier to transport than painting or sculpture, but also to collect, which led several art museums of distinguishable importance to acquire prints from international large-scale exhibitions. Notably, when Alfred H. Barr launched MoMA Activities, he almost immediately established a Print Cabinet and enriched it over the years with purchases from large-scale exhibitions such as the Venice Biennale. It is no coincidence that even today major art fairs like TEFAF in Maastricht devote an entire section of the commercial show to works on paper and prints. Furthermore, at the beginning of the 20th century, printed editions were one of the preferred strategies to advertise these exhibitions. They served to bolster cultural tourism and to emphasise the value of exhibitions.

From the first perennial of the Venice Biennale in 1895 with the Sale del Bianco e del Nero, into the 20th century when prints, ephemera, manifestos, and leaflets of performances is quite renown (Contrabienal and the 1970 Venice Biennale), and most recently to documenta 15 (2022), in which even the making of prints through the Lumburg Press was part of the exhibition, printed material has always held a specific, if not shifting, place. The exhibition of prints and artists’ editions within these venues has provided opportunities for national representation and the dissemination of ideas, even in times of changing regimes and difficult economic circumstances. For this reason, to understand the constitutive role of prints it is necessary to incorporate various perspectives on cultural tourism, dissemination of the avant-garde, bourgeois collections, taste-making, democratisation of art, institutional critique, as well as politics. This issue, therefore, is necessarily cross-disciplinary, gathering together a group of scholars and researchers with varied methodologies and approaches. Examining the production, presence and circulation of printed matter in biennial-type exhibitions from its origins to the present moment will expand histories of printmaking and will enrich the body of literature on large-scale, international exhibitions. For this special issue, we have been assisted by a specialist on this topic, Jennifer Noonan, who has edited this issue selecting the papers of Alessia Del Bianco, Maeve Coudrelle and Camilla Pietrabissa.

In addition, in the section Miscellanea, the issue hosts Jacob Lund’s essay “Exhibition as Reflective Transformation”. Taking Forensic Architecture's project Triple-Chaser as its point of departure, Lund theoretically explores the role of exhibitions in contemporary aesthetic and artistic practices. Finally, Adelaide Duarte and Lígia Afonso provide us with a meticulous review of three books, published between 2020 and 2021, reflecting on the mutual histories and shared aspects of contemporary art fairs and biennials.